External and internal environment
| No | Physical | Biotic |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Temperature | Feed |
| 2 | Humidity | Individuals of the same species |
| 3 | Light | Parasites |
| 4 | Water quality | Competitors |
| 5 | Air quality |
"The living body, though it has need of the surrounding environment, is nevertheless relatively independent of it." — Claude Bernard
Shelford's law of tolerance
"Changes in morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and behavioral characteristics of the animal which promote welfare and favor survival in a specific environment." — Hafez
Hafez defined an adaptation as above. The adaptation helps an animal survive in their external environment. The representative adaptive traits are:
The effects of temperature on enzyme activity [@q10]. Top - increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction (Q10 coefficient). Middle - the fraction of folded and functional enzyme decreases above its denaturation temperature. Bottom - consequently, an enzyme's optimal rate of reaction is at an intermediate temperature.
Overview of feed energy flow through the animal body
\(THI = (0.8*T) + [H*(T - 14.4)] + 46.4\)
where T is the air temperature and H is the relative humidity.
THI chart for dairy cows.
Timing of annual reproductive cycle of exemplary seasonal breeders. PP, photoperiod.
Stages of antler growth. (Photo Credits A-E, Steve Demarais, F, Dave Hewitt)
| Days | Light (h) | Dark (h) | Intensity (lux) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 23 | 1 | 20 |
| 1-2 | 20 | 4 | 20 |
| 3-4 | 18 | 6 | 20 |
| 5-14 | 6 | 18 | 5 |
| 15-21 | 10 | 14 | 5 |
| 22-28 | 14 | 10 | 5 |
| 29-35 | 18 | 6 | 5 |
| 36-42 | 24 | 0 | 5 |
Standar lighting program in layers
Sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure.
Sonographs of pig vocalizations (Xin et al., 1989).
Repartition of sources of global ammonia emissions (Galloway et al., 2004).
Nitrogen (N) transformation in livestock manure and releases to the atmosphere (NH3, ammonia; NH4+, ammonium; NO3−, nitrate; N2O, nitrous oxide; N2, dinitrogen; g, gaseous form; l, liquid form) (adapted from Philippe et al., 2011).
All living things, from tiny bacteria to giant blue whales, need water to survive.
Natural toxins originating from cyanobacteria are a primary concern in drinking water for livestock.
Air-Stripper diagram (Monroe Environmental Corp., 2019).
Proper feeding is key for a sustainable livestock industry.
Pineapple canning process.
Overview of feed energy flow through the animal body
Structure of phytate (myo-inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6, IUPAC).